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Founding Fathers are persons instrumental not only in the establishment (founding) of a political institution, but also in the origination of the idea of the institution. It is applied especially to those men involved with the creation and early development of the United States of America, such as the signers of its Declaration of Independence and the framers of its Constitution, in which case it refers to such individuals as George Washington, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John and Samuel Adams, Alexander Hamilton.
72. Why is the 19lh century in the US often described as the century of growth and expansion?
Because it is marked with growth of territories, population (mass migration) and industrial growth.
73. In what ways did the US increase its territory in the 19lh century? By treaty (with Spain -1819-Florida, England 1846 - Oregon) by war (1848 - a war with Mexico- western part – California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona), by purchase (the Louisiana Purchase (1803- Jefferson bought from Napoleon the territory that almost doubled Am.ter.), the purchase of Alaska from Russia -1867 (the icebox of America; rich in gold and oil), the Gadsden Purchase -1853.)
74. Can you give any examples of land purchase in the 19lh century?
The Louisiana Purchase (1803- Jefferson bought from Napoleon the territory that almost doubled Am.ter: the French territory of Louisiana included far more land than just the current U.S. State of Louisiana; the lands purchased contained parts or all of present-day Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota west of the Mississippi River, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, northern Texas, nearly all of Oklahoma, Kansas, the portions of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Rocky Mountains, the portions of southern Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan and southern Alberta that drain into the Missouri River, and Louisiana on both sides of the Mississippi River including the city of New Orleans. The land included in the Purchase comprises over one-quarter of the territory of the modern continental United States), the purchase of Alaska from Russia -1867 (the icebox of America; rich in gold and oil), the Gadsden Purchase -1853 (For $10 million, Mexico gave up about 76,735 sq km (about 29,640 sq mi), bounded on the east by the Río Grande, on the north by the Gila River, and on the west by the Colorado River).
75. What Americanisms describe the westward expansion of the US in the 19th century?
Manifest Destiny was a nineteenth century belief that the United States had a divinely-inspired mission to expand, particularly across the North American frontier towards the Pacific Ocean. The phrase, which means obvious (or undeniable) fate, was coined by New York journalist John O'Sullivan in 1845, when he wrote that "it was the nation's manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us."
As the citizens of the U.S. spread westward, intense conflict with both the Native Americans and Mexico were inevitable. Already heavily depopulated due to diseases, the Native American peoples were unable to resist the endless stream of white settlers and the military that accompanied them; "Indian Removal" and the "Indian Wars" form some of the darker chapters in American history. Conflict with Mexico was more formal but also resulted in the (perhaps opportunistic) large scale acquisition of land for U.S. settlers. President Polk made it clear in his diaries that he had every intention to seize any Mexican territory that fell into U.S. hands. These two effects of Manifest Destiny have strongly colored its representation in historical hindsight; in spite of (or perhaps because of) strong belief in God and democracy, the imposition of majority rule on minorities can be horrific. It is said that a majority can be just as despotic as an absolute monarch. It should also be noted that the doctrine almost always described the white man as "God's chosen" who was bound to displace the "primitives" in his way.
Indian Removal refers to the policy of the government of the United States to relocate American Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river. The policy was made official with the Indian Removal Act of 1830, although the pattern of reluctant westward migration of Native Americans had been established much earlier. Indian removal was accomplished in a variety of ways, including warfare, treaty, purchase of Indian land, and ultimately by forced march. The most well-known of these Indian removals was the Trail of Tears, which resulted in the deaths of thousands of Cherokee Indians.
The Trail of Tears refers to the forced removal of the Cherokee American Indian tribe by the U.S. federal government, which resulted in the deaths of about 4,000 Cherokee Indians. In the Cherokee language, the event is called Nunna daul Tsuny — "the trail where they cried." 1838- the Cherokees made a “Nightmare journey”, traveling during 5 months; a quarter of the people died.
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