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Truman signed the act into law on May 22, 1947 which granted $400 million in military and economic aid to Turkey and Greece.
The Truman Doctrine also contributed to America's first involvements in the Vietnam War in what is now the nation of Vietnam. Truman attempted to aid France's bid to hold onto its Vietnamese colonies. The United States supplied French forces with equipment and military advisors in order to combat a young Ho Chi Minh and communist revolutionaries.
102. Comment on the Cuban missile crisis. Do you happen to remember another name used for it?
The Cuban Missile Crisis was a tense confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States over the Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba. The crisis began on October 14, 1962 and lasted for 38 days until November 20, 1962. It is regarded as the moment when the Cold War was closest to becoming nuclear war, and which could have turned to world war three.
President Kennedy, in a televised address on October 22, announced the discovery of the installations and proclaimed that any nuclear missile attack from Cuba would be regarded as an attack by the Soviet Union and would be responded to accordingly. He also placed a naval "quarantine" (blockade) on Cuba to prevent further Soviet shipments of military weapons from arriving there. The word quarantine was used rather than blockade for reasons of international law and in keeping with the Quarantine Speech of 1937 by Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Satisfied that the Soviets had removed the missiles, President Kennedy ordered an end to the quarantine of Cuba on November 20.
103. What does the word "McCarthyism" mean? When did McCarthy's era take place?
McCarthyism, named for Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin, was a period of intense anti-communism, and is also popularly known as the second Red Scare. It took place in the United States primarily from 1948 to 1954, when the U.S. government was actively engaged in suppression of the American Communist Party, its leadership, and others suspected of being Communists or Communist sympathizers. During this period people from all walks of life became the subject of aggressive witch-hunts, often based on inconclusive or questionable evidence.
(Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg (1915-1953) and Julius Rosenberg (1918-1953) were American Communists who were thrust into the world spotlight when they were tried, convicted, and executed for spying for the Soviet Union. The accuracy of these charges remains controversial.)
104. What events are considered to have been the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement? Who became the leader of this movement?
Civil rights campaigns in the U.S. have been dominated by racial politics. Although slavery was abolished and freed slaves were given the right to vote in 1865, southern states used laws and vigilantism to maintain black Americans as a non-voting lower class of citizen subject to repressive rules of conduct. The federal government, while aware of the situation, had limited jurisdiction over these matters and feared the political effects of provoking the South.
Segregation- racial division. Roza Parks – a black woman that refused to give up her seat in the bus to a white man. She was arrested - boycott of the system of the busses – big results: the civil rights movement. 1963 – The March on Washington.
Response of the government - the Affirmative Action Program (стверджувальна дія): to equalize education and job opportunities and make up for the past inequality by giving preference to members of minority seeking jobs or admission.
Affirmative action (US English), or positive discrimination (British English), is a policy or a program providing advantages for people of a minority group who are seen to have traditionally been discriminated against, with the aim of creating a more egalitarian society. This consists of preferential access to education, employment, health care, or social welfare.
The most prominent clergyman in the civil rights movement was Martin Luther King, Jr. Time magazine's 1964 "Man of the Year" was a man of the people. His tireless personal commitment to and strong leadership role in the black freedom struggle won him worldwide acclaim and the Nobel Peace Prize.
105. What expression is usually used to refer to the famous speech made by Martin Luther King at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. in 1963? “I have a dream”.
106. Describe the US national flag.
“The Stars and Stripes and Old Glory”, was adopted in 1777 («усыпанное звёздами знамя»).
It consists of 13 horizontal stripes alterably red and white equal to the number of the original states with a blue union marked with white stars equal in number to 50 states today.
The red stripes – courage
The white stripes – liberty
The field of blue – loyalty
107. Describe the US coat-of-arms.
The baled (білоголовий) eagle with wings outspread, holding a bundle of rods (пучок різок) – the symbol of administering (управління) in the left claw and an olive twig – the emblem of love in the right claw.
“E Pluribus Unum” – One out of may (a motto on the coat of arms).
108. What formal and informal symbols does the US have?
The Statue of Liberty – a statue of a woman on Liberty Island, in New York harbor, given to the US by France in 1884 to celebrate the American and French revolutions. The woman is holding up a torch in her right hand and represents freedom. The words written at the base of the statue are famous and well-known to most Americans.
The Liberty Bell – a bell, kept in Philadelphia, in the US state of Pennsylvania, which was rung on July 8th, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War to tell people of the Declaration of Independence from Britain. Because of this, the bell became a symbol of Liberty for the US. In 1846 it cracked when it was rung to celebrate the birthday of George Washington, and it could not be repaired.
109. What are the popular names of the US national flag?
Nickname – “Uncle Sam”, appeared in 1812 (Uncle Sam Wilson of New York supplied beef to the US Army during the war of 1812)
110. What are the names of the two main political parties in the US? What are their symbols?
The Democratic Party – donkey
The Republican Party – elephant
(Thomas Nast, a famous cartoonist, made these images in mid-XX c.)
111. What does the abbreviation GOP stand for? What does the word "GOPster" mean?
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