Сторінка
21
chairman > chair or chairperson
police man > police officer
foreman > supervisor
It is quite common to see the female forms spokeswoman, chairwoman, police woman etc. However, some people object to these words also, because they draw attention to the sex of the person and away from their job or function. They feel that it is not important whether the spokesperson is a man or a woman; what is important is their (his or her!) function.
man > Humans are the the most intelligent of all animals.
man-made fibres > synthetic fibres
poetess > poet
Poet is preferred for the same reasons that police officer is preferred to police woman. There is no reason at all to use the word poetess when poet can refer to both men and women.
stewardess > flight attendant
male nurse > nurse
By specifically mentioning the gender, you are implying that male nurses are the exception. Any language that unnecessarily serves to draw attention to the gender and not the function of the person is sexist.
204. What does the expression “glass ceiling” mean?
A glass ceiling is an invisible obstacle in peoples’ mind, unofficial barrier to an upper management or other prominent position within a company or other organization which certain groups, particularly women, are perceived to be unable to cross, due to discrimination. The term refers to the inconspicuous nature of such barriers, compared to formal barriers to career advancement. It was originally coined by Carol Hymowitz and Timothy Schellhardt in the March 24, 1986 edition of the Wall Street Journal.
The term glass elevator is sometimes used to describe the rapid promotion of men over women, especially into management, in female-dominated fields like nursing.
205. What names have been coined in the USA to refer to the people who are against abortions and those who are allowing legal abortions? Pro-lifers and pro-choicers.
Pro-Life is the self-description for those in North America and Great Britain who are of the general political opinion that abortion, embryonic stem cell research, human cloning and other issues regarding the sanctity of life are morally wrong and should be illegal in most cases. The term was coined in the early 1960s in the United States, and refers specifically to what is believed to be the life of unborn children, the subjects of abortion.
Pro-Choice is a common self-description used by people who believe that the government should not outlaw abortion and believe that the choice of terminating pregnancy should be an option for a pregnant woman.
206. What functions do the US mass media perform?
Entertainment, interpretation, making profit, persuasion, providing a political forum, reporting the news, etc
207. What are the leading newspapers and magazines in the USA?
The top five daily newspapers by circulation in 1995 were the Wall Street Journal (1,823,207), USA Today (1,570,624), the New York Times (1,170,869), the Los Angeles Times (1,053,498), and the Washington Post (840,232). The youngest of the top five, USA Today, was launched as a national newspaper in 1982, after exhaustive research by the Gannett chain. It relies on bold graphic design, color photos, and brief articles to capture an audience of urban readers interested in news "bites" rather than traditional, longer stories.
Magazines: Entertainment Weekly, Rolling Stone, Vanity Fair, Men's Health, Cosmopolitan, Elle, Glamour Magazine, Business Week etc
208. What is the name of the most prestigious prize in the field od journalism? Pulitzer Prize.
209. Comment on the expression “yellow journalism”.
The term, as it commonly applies, refers to news organizations for whom sensationalism, profiteering, and in some cases propaganda, take dominance over factual reporting.
"Yellow journalism" may for example refer to sensationalized news reporting that bears only a superficial resemblance to journalism. Journalistic professionalism, as now understood, is the supposed antidote. I
210. What are the nicknames of New York city and Los Angeles?
New York: The Big Apple, The Capital of the World, The City that Never Sleeps, Empire City.
Los Angeles: The Big Orange, City of Angels, City of Flowers and Sunshine.
211. What boroughs does New York city consist of?
The city of New York City is divided into five districts or boroughs. The five boroughs consist of Brooklyn, Bronx, Staten Island, Queens and Manhattan. These boroughs all form the city of New York. With a population that exceeds 7,300,000 the city is one of the world's largest as well.
212. What do the following abbreviations stand for?
GOP - The Republican Party, often called the GOP (for Grand Old Party)
IRC - The Internal Revenue Service WASP - White Anglo-Saxon Protestant BA - Bachelor of Arts, see Bachelor's degree MIT - The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, or MIT, is a research institution and university located in the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts directly across the Charles River from Boston's Back Bay district. MIT is a world leader in science and technology, as well as in many other fields, including management, economics, linguistics, political science, and philosophy.
GI - The abbreviation G.I. is most commonly used to shorten government issue, and has different meanings depending on the part of speech in which it is used.
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